Gupta Age Art and Architecture

Introduction

The emergence of Gupta Empire is called as the Golden Age of Indian Architecture.

The temple architecture, Buddhist architecture and cave traditions reached its climax.

Caves tradition in Western India

1. Mainly there are three types of Indian art and Architecture that were executed while building caves in Western India:

·Apsidal vault-roof Chaitya halls examples Ajanta, Pitalkhora, Bhaja

·Apsidal vault-roof pillarless hall, examples, Thana-Nadsur

·Flat-roof quadrangular hall with circular chamber, example, Kondivite.

2. The front of Chaitya is dominated by motif of a semi-circular Chaitya arch and a Stupa at the back is also common.

3. At Karla, biggest rock-cut Chaitya was excavated.

·Chaitya hall pillars are decorated with human and animal figures.

·Viharas included hall, cell and veranda. They are found atAjanta & Nashik. The interior decorative motifs like that in Chaitya and vihara are found over cell doors of cave. The front pillars are carved with ghata-base and ahata-capital with the human figures.

4. One Vihara at Junnar is called Ganeshleni as one image of Ganesha is instilled here.

5.Most important sites are: Ajanta, Ellora, Nashik, Junnar Karla, Kanheri, Junagarh and Bhaja.

Ajanta Caves

·It is located in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra.

·There are 29 caves, 25 viharas and 4 chaityas. There are 1-2 storey caves.

·The large chaityas-viharas are decorated with sculptures and paintings (from 1^st-5^th CE). They were primarily built during Gupta period.

·The biggest Buddha image of Mahaparinibbana is found in 26^th cave.

·Pillared virandha and halls and cells, and the back wall is considered as the Buddha Shrine.

·Bhoomiparshmudra: Buddha showing right hand indicating to earth -> it is the largest sculpture panel in Ajanta.

·Multi coloured paintings depicting Jatakas and Avadanas.

·Frescos are also found of rice husk, limestone and natural colours.

·For example, preaching Buddha, flying apsaras, a bodhisttva holding lotus.

·Both Hinayana and Mahayana art are found.

Ellora Caves

·These caves are located in Aurangabad.

·These were built during the rule of Rashtrakutas.

·There are 34 caves which include the Buddhist, Brahaminical and Jain caves. It mostly includes Mahayana art only.

·Caves are usually 3-storey caves.

·Under Shaivite theme, Ravana shaking the Mt. Kailash; Andhakasurvada; Kalyanasundra.

·Under Vaishnavite theme, avatars of Vishnu are depicted.

·These are unique in stylistic eclecticism i.e. confluence of many styles at one place.

·Rock-cut temples are also carved. For example: Kailashnath temple.

Elephanta Caves

·These are located in Mumbai.

·It was originally a Buddhist site but later dominated by Shaivite Sect. The sculptures show stark light and dark effects.

·Some examples are: Maheshmurti (3 headed deity), Bhairava and Uma.

Eastern India Caves

·Coastal region of Andhra (Guntapelle) and in Odisha have structured monasteries.

·Anakapalli Cave has the biggest rock-cut stupa.

·Udaygiri and Khanadigri Caves of Odhisa has mostly Jainist caves.

Udayagiri caves

·These are located in Vidisha, Madhya Pradesh.

·These were created under the patronage of Chandragupta II.

·The caves have one of the earliest Hindu sculptures.

·Some caves are dedicated to Shiva.

Other Caves

Bagh Caves

·These are located in Madhya Pradesh.

·There are 9 Buddhist caves developed around 6^thCentury A.D.

Junagadh Caves

·These caves are located in Gujarat.

·These are Buddhist caves.

·A 30-50 ft high citadel known as Upar Kot is found in front of the prayer hall.

Nasik Caves

·These are located in Maharashtra.

·It is a group of 24 Buddhist Caves.

·Thses are also called as Pandav Leni.

·It has influence of both the Hinayana sect and the Mahayana sect.

Stupas

Dhamek stupa at Sarnath near Varanasi is an example of Stupa developed during this period.

History is considered as one of the UPSC optional subjects in competitive exam. The syllabus of History includes archaeology, historical architecture, art and cultural heritage. Specified under the syllabus of General Studies I for UPSC Civil Services Mains, Indian Art and Culture is taken as one of the important topics in the Civil Services preparation. As this is a very wide topic, you should you stick to the syllabus and study only the relevant portions.

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INTRODUCTION

Biology is the most important of all core science subjects.

Morphology means the study of forms and features of different parts of plants like leaves, roots, flower etc.

In this article we will learn about

·Roots

·Stem

·Flower

·Fruits

Bryophyta

·This group of plant lacks xylem and phloem.

·They also lack roots, stem and leaves. Thus, water transportation takes place through parenchyma.

Petridophyta

·This group of plants is found in wet places like forests and mountains.

·Plants have stem, roots and leaves.

·Examples: Ferns, Mosses

Phanerogamous Plant

·Plants of this group are well developed.

·They have roots, stem and leaves.

·Xylem and phloem are also well developed.

·It is further divided into two types:

Gymnosperm

·Trees and bushes form this group.

·Plants are woody, perennial and tall.

·The plant has naked seeds.

Angiosperm

·Roots, leaves, flowers and fruits are fully developed.

·The seeds are found inside the fruits.

·For example: Wheat, Lemon and potato etc.

Root System in Plants

·The absorption of water occurs through roots by diffusion, osmosis and other processes.

·The root develops from radicle.

·Root Hair: Water is absorbed from the soil by the root hair. The hair system of the roots is unicellular outgrowth of roots.

·The process by which these root hairs (hydrophilic substance) absorb water is called as imbibition.

·It helps in absorbing nutrients, water and moisture from the soil.

Two types of roots are:

1. Tap Root

·The main root with minor side roots grow deep into the soil is called taproot.

·It arises from the radicle of the plants.

·It occurs in dicots plants.

·For example: in Trees, shrubs and plants. Carrot, Reddish etc.

2. Adventitious Root

·The fine, thick hair like structure of root that spread sideways in all the direction is called adventitious root.

·It is also called fibrous root.

·It grows from the stem and leaves and not from the radicle.

·It occurs in monocots.

·For example: in Grasses, Onion etc.

Flower

Flower is the reproductive part of the plant.

The following are the parts of flower:

·Androecium

·Gynoecium

·Calyx

·Corolla

Two types of reproduction take place through flowers:

·Asexual Reproduction: Plant gives rise to new plant without seeds.

·Sexual Reproduction: Seeds give rise to new plants.

Stamens are the male reproductive part of the plant.

Pistil is the female reproductive part of the plant.

There are two types of flowers based on presence of stamen and pistil:

·Unisexual Flowers: Flowers which contain either only stamens or only pistil. For example, corn and papaya.

·Bisexual Flowers: Flowers which contain both stamen and pistil. For example, mustard, rose and others.

Fertililsation

·Male gametes: Anther contains pollen grains which produce male gamete.

·Female gamete: Ovary contains one or more ovules. Female gamete is formed in an ovule.

·The fusion of male gamete and the female gamete is called fertilisation.

·Fertilised egg is called zygote. Zygote develops into embryo.

Pollination

·The transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a flower is called pollination.

·Self-pollination: If the pollen lands on the stigma of the flower or another flower of the same plant.

·Cross-pollination: When the pollen of a flower lands on the stigma of flower of different plant of same kind.

Fruit and Seed Formation

After fertilisation, the ovary grows into a fruit and other parts of the flower fall off.

The fruit is the ripened ovary. Fruit implies the edible part of the plant.

Four types of fruits on the arrangement are:

·Simple fruit: It develops from single ovary of a single flower and may be fleshy or dry. For example, tomato, banana.

·Aggregate fruit: It consists of a mass of small drupes each of which develop from separate ovary of a single flower. For example: raspberry and strawberry.

·Composite fruit: It develops from the ovaries of many flowers growing in a cluster. For example, Jackfruit and Pineapple.

·Accessory fruit: It contains tissue derived from plant parts other than the ovary. For example, Apple and pear.

The seed develops from the ovules.

The seed contains an embryo which is enclosed in a protective seed coat. Seed coat is the outer part of the seed. For example, mango seed has white colour seed coat, if you break it up, you will find seeds inside it.

Question?

Is Almond a fruit of seed?

Seed dispersal

·Seed dispersal is aided by wind, water and animals.

·Seed dispersal help the plants to:

1.Prevent overcrowding

2.Avoid competition for sunlight, water and minerals.

3.Invade new habitats.

Stem

·Stem is the growing part of the plant. It is erect, strong and grows away from the soil and towards the light.

·Leaves and branches arise from nodes.

·Stems are divided into different regions between the nodes.

·Apical bud: It is the growing apex of the stem is covered by numerous, tiny, developing leaves.

Functions of Stem:

·To support and hold leaves flowers and fruits.

·It conducts the water and minerals from roots to leaves and fruits.

·It also helps in storing food.

·It also helps in process of Photosynthesis.

Three types of Stem:

Underground Stem:

·Stems remain in the ground.

·They produce aerial shoots annually.

·Some of the forms are:

·Tuber – ex. Potato

·Corm – ex. Saffron

·Bulb – ex. Onion

·Rhizome -- Ginger

Aerial Stem:

·Some of the forms are:

·Stem tendril – ex. Passiflora

·Pylloclade – ex. Duranta

Sub-aerial Stem:

·Some of the forms are:

·Runner – ex. Doob grass

·Stolon – ex. Jasmine

Leaf

·It is green outgrowth from the stem.

·It is the primary sites for photosynthesis i.e. prepare food for the plant.

·Leaves are initiated in the apical bud (growing tip of a stem).

·Leaf of Aloe vera has liquid inside them.

·Leaves of cactus are modified into spines.

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INTRODUCTION

English is a subject of language. And like any other language, there are basic rules of grammar that needs to be followed while learning any language.

To learn English, the three basic requirements are:

Know the Basic Rules of the English Grammar

Learn as much vocabulary as possible.

Practice, practice and practice.

English language plays a very determining part in any government exam. If you’re aspiring for any such examination, you need to have a good command over English language.

In this course, we are going to build your concepts for a strong hold on English. And apart from that, we will provide a lot of questions for thorough practice.

Phrase

It is a group of words that have meaning. Or it is a group of related words.

Example: in the corner;

On the roof;

In the room

To eat dinner

Clause

A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and verb.

Independent clause – it is a complete sentence; can stand alone by itself.

Dependent (subordinate) clause– it expresses only a part of thought; it cannot stand alone as a sentence. It is a group of words that forms a part of a sentence and has a subject and a finite verb of its own.

How to find the type of Clause?

Clause can form a part of sentence or it could be a complete sentence in itself.

Example: Sita had a long career but she is remembered mainly for her early work.

The above sentence has 2 clauses.

Clause 1: Sita had a long career.

Clause 2: But she is remembered mainly for her early work.

Every sentence contains at least one main clause.

Main Clause: A main clause then may form a part of Complex or Compound sentences. But it also makes sense on its own.

Example: Varun was eating a hot dog.

Subordinate Clause: A subordinate clause depends on a main clause for its meaning.

**Together with main clause, a subordinate clause forms a part of a Complex sentence. **

Sentence

A sentence is an independent clause that may or may not be combined with other clauses to convey a complete and sometimes complex thought. Or it is a group of words that has a definite meaning and contains a Subject and Finite verb.

Example: He is in the corner;

She is on the roof;

Father was in the room

Structure of Sentences

Simple Sentence

Compound Sentence: Two or more main clause connected using Coordinate Conjunctions.

Complex Sentence: Principal Clause is connected with one or more subordinate clause using subordinate conjunction.

How to find the ‘Subject’?

Verb + who? Will answer the Subject

How to find the ‘Object’?

Verb + What? Or Whom? Will answer the Object.

Generally, an Indirect object comes before a Direct object.

If a direct object comes before indirect object, then it is mandatory to put – ‘to’, ‘of’ or ‘for’ before Indirect object.

Types of Sentences

1.Assertive

Affirmative

Subject + Verb + Object

Subject + Helping Verb + Main Verb + Object

Negative

Subject + Helping Verb + Not + Main Verb + Object

2.Interrogative

Yes/No

Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object?

Not before Main Verb in Negative sentences.

Example: Do you know his name?

Descriptive

Wh + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + Object?

Wh – Wh family words.

Not before main verb

Example: Why do you not play well?

Imperative

Starts with First form of Verb – Come here

Starts with Let – Let me go

Starts with Don’t – Don’t talk in the class

Exclamatory

!

We won the match!

Optative

Starts with ‘May’ – Bless or Curse

May god bless you!

Tips:

The subject of a sentence will Never be in a prepositional phrase.

There is a Subject and Verb on both sides of the Conjunctionand Semicolon.

Direct Object: non-living

Indirect Object: Living

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INTRODUCTION

Plants take water and minerals from the soil through the roots and transport it to the leaves. The leaves prepare food for the plant, using water and carbon-dioxide during photosynthesis.

This process of photosynthesis prepares food for the plant which is necessary for energy to the cells. The cells use this energy to carry out vital activities of life. Therefore, food must be made available to each and every cell.

Thus, a proper system of transportation is required for the transportation of food, water and minerals. This system of transportation includes:

• Roots
• Leaves
• Xylem
• Phloem

Transport of Water and Minerals

Function of Roots

• Plants absorb water and minerals by the roots.
• The roots have root hair.
• The root hair is in the contact with the water present between the soil particles.
• The root hair increases the surface area of the root for absorption of water and mineral dissolved in the water or soil.

Vascular Tissue

• Plants have pipe-like vessels to transport water and nutrients from the soil.
• The vessels are made of special cells, forming vascular tissue.
• The vascular tissue for the transport of water and nutrients in the plant is called xylem.
• The xylem forms a continuous network of channels that connect roots to the leaves through the stem and branches and thus transport water to the entire plant.
• Leave synthesis the food which has to be transported to all the parts of the plant. This is done by phloem.

Transport of water

• In xylem tissue, vessels and tracheids of the roots stem and leaves are interconnected to form a continuous system of water-conducting channels reaching all the parts of the plant.
• At roots, cells in contact of soil actively take up ions. This creates a difference in the concentration of these ions between the root and soil. Water, therefore, moves into the root from the soil to eliminate the difference.
• This means there is steady movement of water into root xylem, creating a column of water that is steadily pushed upwards.
• However, this pressure by itself is unlikely to be enough to move water over the heights that we commonly see in plants. Plants use another strategy to move water in the xylem upwards to the highest points of the plant body.

Transpiration and its Benefits

• When the plant has an adequate supply of water, the water which is lost through the stomata is replaced by water from the xylem vessels in the leaf.
• That is, evaporation of water molecule from the cells of a leaf creates a suction which pulls water from the xylem cells of roots.
• The loss of water in the form of vapour from the aerial parts of the plant is known as transpiration.
• Transpiration helps in the absorption and upward movement of water and minerals dissolved in it from roots to the leaves.
• It also helps in transport of water is more important at night. During the day when the stomata are open, the transpiration pull becomes the major driving force in the movement of water in the xylem.

Transport of Food & other Substances

• The method of transportation of products of metabolic processes, particularly photosynthesis, from leaves, where they are formed, to other parts of the plant is called translocation.
• It occurs in phloem of vascular bundle.
• Besides, the phloem transports amino acids and other substances. These substances are especially delivered to the storage organs of roots, fruits and seeds and to growing organs.
• The translocation of food and other substances takes place in the sieve tubes with the help of adjacent companion cells both in upward and downward directions.
• The transportation in phloem requires energy.
• Materials like sucrose are transferred into phloem tissue using energy from ATP. This increases the osmotic pressure of the tissue causing water to move into it. This pressure moves the material in the phloem to tissues which have less pressure. This allows the phloem to move material according to the plant’s needs.
• For example, sugar in root or stem tissue would be transported to the buds which need energy to grow.

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English language plays a very determining part in any government exam. If you’re aspiring for any such examination, you need to have a good command over English language.

There are some competitive examinations, where questions are provided in Hindi or Regional languages also, but the fact remains, that there is a separate section in every exam where your knowledge of English is tested. This section carries no option for any other language, so you are kind of stuck in it.

To ease this difficulty, you need to lay down special emphasis over your language preparation so that you don’t lose marks due to lack of knowledge of English. Now, if you’re someone who is not too good at English or is average in studies, you need not to worry. Just follow some tips and keep up the hard work, soon you’ll have the knowledge that you seek. So, let’s get started!

Grammar- Grammar is the main essence of any language and to know a language you must have command over grammar part. The day you realize that you need to prepare for English, the first step you should be doing is, to ace its grammar. To understand the question or to answer the question, you need to know about how sentences are formed and what they mean. Do not directly go for heavy-heavy books of grammar, start with basic school books. Start with learning Part of Speech, Tenses, Narration and Voice. At first learn the rules then try to apply them in practical life. Once you start getting familiar with the rules, focus on things like Modals, Prepositions, Adjectives, Gerund, and Infinitive etc. In a few months, you’ll notice a change in your orientation. You will have knowledge of rules and their application. Then you can try some standard books of grammar such as Wren & Martin orS.P.Bakshi.

Vocabulary- Once you get an idea about the grammar, you must go for Vocabulary. Start with learning the words which you use daily, try to know the name of things that you use daily. Grab any dictionary and try to learn as many new words as you can. But remember to revise and use those words, otherwise you’ll forget them soon. A very good source of learning new words can be newspapers. I would also suggest you to listen to English Songs, Podcasts and videos; they introduce you with new meanings every day. Apart from this, you can search for specific pdfs of Vocabulary for your exam; there are plenty of those available on the internet. A very standard book for Vocabulary is "Word Power Made Easy "by Norman Lewis. This book covers 85% of your vocabulary if you grasp a hold on it. Always prepare Synonyms and Antonyms for every word, some questions are asked on this part also.

Bonus Tips for Vocabulary- Every person has capacity of learning new words. Some find it difficult to retain a lot of words. Here are two things that you can do-

(1) Divide the words in negative or positive tone. For example- Optimistic, Sanguine, Buoyant etc. are words which denote something positive, whereas Acerbic, Scanting, Vicious, Caustic etc. are the words which give negative tone. You can just remember the tone of the word. When such word comes in a passage, you can easily determine whether it is saying something positive or negative.

(2) Try to learn root words, for example- such as ‘Bene’ means good, ‘Bio” means life, ‘Aqua” means water and ‘Mal’ means bad. Whenever any word starts with these root words, you will automatically get the meaning.

Comprehension- In many exams, we see unseen passages and paragraphs for comprehension. You have to read the passage thoroughly and understand what it says. Then the passage is followed by some questions, which you have to answer. In these questions, they can ask you to give general answers or to give the title of the passage or they can ask meaning of some words. To attempt these questions perfectly, you need to practice comprehension daily. Buy any book for practice or check on internet for daily passages. Try to attempt them in as less time as possible. Read the passage thoroughly and then move to the questions. Do not miss the central idea as it helps you to decide the title. Watch English Movies for better understanding of context, it also helps.

Spellings- Do not underestimate spellings in any examination. Sometimes questions are asked to correct the spelling, and the options are very confusing. To attempt such questions, you must memorize the spellings very well. Also, when you write subjective answers, you are judged by your spelling too. Bad spelling makes a bad impression upon the examiner.

Newspapers- A lot of people would have suggested you to start your preparation of English language by reading newspapers. However, I would suggest that one must know the grammar and the vocabulary first, so that when you start a newspaper, you understand it better. As a beginner, start by some light newspapers such asEconomic Times and gradually move towards The Hindu or The Indian Express.Look very carefully at the new words that you find in the newspaper, and learn how to create better sentence structure. Do not read too much in a day, read only that much which you can memorize in a day. Continue this for about 6 months, and you’ll see a drastic change in your English.

Write what you learn- When you learn a new word, or you learn a new way of sentence formation, always make short notes of that thing. Because when we write something, we memorize that thing even better. You can make some flash cards or you can write those words in a notebook. Either way, don’t forget to write them.

Shape your knowledge- Once you learn plenty of words, grammar and rules of English language, it’s time to shape your knowledge. You might be thinking, that ‘How I’ll shape my knowledge”? Well! Recognize the area which requires work and revise the portion which you know the best. For example- if you have good command over grammar, but are weak in vocabulary, give less time to grammar and focus more on vocabulary. Make a routine and identify your strengths and weaknesses. Once you know that how much have you covered and how much is left, you’ll know how to cover those left things. There are many Government e learning Websites from where you can also explore more subjects and important topics from and can start your preparation.

Hopefully this article guides you in some way!

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In the year 2004, it was decided by the Government of India to declare Indian Languages meeting certain requirements as "Classical language” and Tamil was declared as a Classical Language by the Government of India in June 2004.

Sanskrit is already having a special status in India under Article 351 and Sanskrit was declared as a classical language in the year 2005.

Classification of Indian Languages

The Indian languagesbelong to major 6 language families:

• Indo-Aryan Group
• Dravidian Group
• Sino-Tibetian Group
• Negroid
• Austic (Mon-Khmer)
• Others

Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages are used by a large majority of India’s population. The language families divide roughly into geographic groups.

• Languages of the Indo-Aryan group are spoken mainly in Northern and Central regions.
• The languages of Southern India are mainly of the Dravidian group.
• Some ethnic groups in Assam and other parts of Eastern India speak languages of Mon-Khmer group.
• People in the Northern Himalayan region and near the Burmese border speak Sino-Tibetan languages.
• Speakers of 54 different languages of Indo-Aryan family make up about three-quarters of India’s population.
• Twenty Dravidian languages are spoken by nearly a quarter of the people.
• Speakers of 20 Mon-Khmer language and 98 Sino-Tibetan languages together make up about 2 per cent of the population.

Criteria for Classical languages in India

In the year 2006, the Government of India declared that the following are the criteria to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered and declared as classical languages:

1. High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 1500-2000 years.
2. A body of ancient literature/ texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers.
3. The literary tradition is original and not borrowed from another speech community.
4. The classical language and literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical language and its later forms or its offshoots.

Currently six languages enjoy the status of Classical languages in India:

• Tamil (2004)
• Sanskrit (2005)
• Kannada and Telegu (200
• Malayalam (2013)
• Odiya (2014)

What are the benefits enjoyed by the Classical languages?

Once the status of Classical language is given to the language, then the following benefits are accredited to the language:

1. Two major annual international awards for scholars of eminence in classical Indian languages.
2. A Centre of Excellence for studies in Classical Languages is set up.
3. The University Grants Commission is requested to create, to start with at least in the Central Universities, a certain number of Professional Chairs for the Classical Languages so declared.

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INTRODUCTION

·The story of Indian Literature extends back over more than 5000 years.

·It includes the religious classics of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.

·Apart from that, literature from the courts of Indian monarchs, oral poetry and song and modern verse and prose expressing contemporary ideas.

·Although each successive generation has added its own contribution to Indian literature the ancient texts are still influential. Until modern times, literature usually reached its audience through performance and recitation. Religious texts and stories, often of enormous length, were memorized and handed down orally from one generation to the next. So, although about half the population of Southern Asia are unable to read or write, the culture of the region is highly developed.

·Theliterature of the Indian subcontinent falls into three periods:

Ø The Ancient Period: primarily dominated by Sanskrit, lasting up to about A.D. 1000

Ø The Medieval Period: From about 1000 A.D to early 1800 (during which time the regional languages developed)

Ø The Modern Period: it is influenced by European culture.

·In the first two periods, most literature was in verse or in the form of an epigram (a short, clever poem), though prose was also used.

·In modern period, the use of prose has become fully developed.

·Indian literature has been written in many languages. Each language has made its own contribution and expressed its uniqueness.

·The literature of a particular language has its own special form, symbols and nuances. Therefore, it is more logical to say that there are as many literatures in Indiaas languages which have flowered into literature.

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Fundamental Rights- Right to Information

Fundamental Rights are not absolute rights, these are restricted rights. The purpose of Fundamental Right is to establish rule of law. On the other hand, if state is given absolute power over the individual, the result would tyranny or state terror. Therefore, there shall be a balance between individual liberty and social needs.

Right to Information

The Constitution of India guarantees the Right to Freedom of Speech and Expression under article 19(1) (a). This right is the fundamental right available to all the citizens. It says that every citizen shall have the right to express himself. In the case of Bennett Coleman v. UOI, AIR 1973, the Supreme Court held that the "Right to Know” also falls under the ambit of Right to Speech and Expression. This was the foundation of Right to Information in India post-independence.

The courts in India have stated time to time, that Right to know the information related to public authorities is a fundamental right. However, this right was never expressly mentioned in the COI. But in year 2005, government passed the Right to Information Act, 2005 which apparently mentioned the right to know of citizens.

History

Every building has a strong foundation, without the foundation no construction can be done. Same is the case with Right to Information in India. It has a very rich historical background which has proved to be the foundation of this legislation.

The very first incident in India, where right to information was mentioned, was in the year 1977. After the Indira Gandhi government imposed the emergency without stating the obvious reasons, the citizens were very unhappy with the government, the Janta party, led by Moraraji Desai promised the people that if they come to the power, they will establish an open government. They promised that the public would be allowed to access the information about the use of power by the government. However, the promise was never fulfilled in a complete sense.

After this event, there were a lot of cases such as- Prabhu Dutt v. UOI, AIR 1982. In this case Supreme Court held that the press is entitled to know news and information regarding the working of the government.

These events were followed by the creation of National Campaign for People’s Right to Information, which was founded with an objective to pass RTI as a law. Finally, the Freedom of Information Bill, 2000 was introduced in the parliament. But due to some drawbacks, this act could not fulfill its objectives.

Then in the year 2005, after a very long struggle, the Right to Information Act, 2005 was passed to provide the citizens the right to know.

Significance of RTI

The Right to Information holds a very decent significance in a democratic country like India. The major points are listed below:

• The most basic reason is that the fundamental rights are the basic structure of Indian Constitution. The rights listed under this part are a mandate that a state has to provide to all its citizens in any condition. One of these rights is the Right to Speech and Expression. This right includes the Right to Information too. Hence the people of India deserve the RTI Act. We deserve to know the information, because we are given the fundamental Right to Know.
• The RTI gives the citizens the opportunity to empower themselves. When the citizens are allowed to ask the government about its functioning and its administration, they feel themselves the part of the country too. It enhances people’s participation in the process of the democracy.
• The Right to Information promotes Transparency and Accountability in the minds of citizens. When the working of the government is done in open environment, it builds trust.
• The access to information is provided to every section of the society. All the weak sections also feel empowered by this right.
• The act has promoted a sense of honesty in the officials, because they know that their work can be audited at any time by the public. The attitude of public servants has changed after the formation of this act.

Challenges against RTI in India

Right to Information has a lot of challenges in its way, some of them are-

• The majority of Indian population is either uneducated or unaware, because of what these people are unable to exercise their rights. The right to information also hides somewhere behind this illiteracy and ignorance.
• There are a number of pending cases at both the state and the central level, so the information is sometimes not disseminated at the right time.
• Many reports show, that in the case of mismanagement the ratio of action taken is very less. Even after getting exposed, such departments are not given their due punishment.
• A lot of deaths have been reported of RTI activists, who were trying to expose some authorities.
• A major challenge is the misuse of RTI. Some people file the request of information under this act just to become famous or for some malicious reasons. Some people seek information to fulfil their personal interests also.
• There is some legislation like the "Official Secrets Act, 1923” which restrict the flow of information by the government.

Recent Developments

Recently the Right to Information (Amendment) Bill, 2019 was passed by the parliament. We can count it in development but this development is more negative than positive. The major backbone of the RTI Act, 2005 was the independency of Chief Information Commissioner and the State Information Commissioners from the government. The recent amendment changes this and states that the tenure of these officials would be determined by the central government. It encroaches upon the freedom of these officials from the legislature. The amendment bill also allows the government to fix the salary of these officials; they can decrease it from today also.

These developments will affect the Right to Information badly, as the Information Commissioners would be more inclined toward the government rather than the citizens.

Conclusion

Right to Information is the much-needed right in this country. If we look at the current scenario, we can easily say that the transparency of the RTI is being affected by legislative decisions. To solve all these issues, the public institutions need to be more open about the information. Their willingness will make it easy for the public to gather information. Apart from this, there are a lot of matters pending in the country. We need to compile the similar complaints together and then resolve them to save time and efforts both. The Right to Information needs to be managed with the Right to Privacy of the citizens, which is also a significant right in itself. And at the large, the public needs to be informed about their rights, and then only we can utilize this act as per its best capacity.

Explore more subjects and important topics related to Indian Polity and start your preparation. Stay determined, work smart and achieve. Your dedication and the intensity you put in will decide your success.

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About IBPS PO exam

IBPS is an autonomous body that conducts the recruitment process of IBPS PO exam once every year. Any eligible candidate who aspires to join as Probationary Officer/ Management Trainee in the participating organisations can apply for the IBPS PO examination. The details of the IBPS PO examination along with scheme and syllabus of the IBPS PO exam are given below.

Eligibility for IBPS PO exam

Nationality / Citizenship

A candidate must be either:

·A Citizen of India or

·A subject of Nepal or

·A subject of Bhutan or

·A Tibetan Refugee who came over to India before 1^stJanuary 1962 with the intention of permanently settling in India or

·A person of Indian origin who has migrated from Pakistan, Burma, Sri Lanka, East African countries of Kenya, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania (formerly Tanganyika and Zanzibar), Zambia, Malawi, Zaire, Ethiopia and Vietnam with the intention of permanently settling in India,

Provided that a candidate belonging to categories 2, 3, 4 and 5 shall be a person n whose favour a certificate of eligibility has been issued by the Government of India.

Age Limit for IBPS PO exam

The minimum age limit for IBPS PO exam is 20 years and the maximum age limit for the IBPS PO exam is 30 years.

Educational Qualification

• The minimum qualification required for IBPS PO exam is Graduation in any discipline from a University recognised by the Govt. of India or any equivalent qualification recognized as such by the Central Government.
• The candidate must possess valid Mark-sheet / Degree Certificate that he/ she is a graduate on the he / she registers and indicate the percentage of marks obtained in Graduation while registering online.

IBPS PO Exam Pattern

• Any eligible candidate is required to register for the Common Recruitment Process (CRP-PO/MT-IX). The IBPS PO examination consists of two phases, Online Preliminary and Online Main examination.
• The candidates who qualifies in Online Preliminary examination and shortlisted appears for Online Main examination and the shortlisted candidates in Online Main examination are subsequently called for a Common Interview.

IBPS PO Syllabus

The exam syllabus of IBPS PO is similar to other banking exams. Based on the previous year questions the topics that are asked for different subjects are given below:

IBPS PO Prelims Syllabus

English Language

• Reading Comprehension
• Cloze Test
• Para Jumbles
• Error Correction
• Narration

Quantitative Ability

• Simplification
• Time & Work
• Time & Distance
• Profit & Loss
• Simple Interest & Compound Interest
• Mensuration
• Data Interpretation
• Ratio & Proportion
• Percentage
• Number Systems
• Probability

Reasoning Ability

• Logical Reasoning
• Alphanumeric Series
• Data Sufficiency
• Coded Inequalities
• Seating Arrangement
• Puzzle
• Tabulation
• Syllogism
• Blood Relations
• Input Output
• Coding Decoding

IBPS PO Main Examination Syllabus

Quantitative Aptitude

• Simplification
• Average
• Ratio and Percentage
• Mixture & Alligation
• Profit & Loss
• Mensuration
• Geometry
• Number System
• Quadratic Equations
• Permutation & Combination
• Probability

General Awareness

• Current Events
• Indian Economy
• Banking Awareness
• Financial Awareness
• Indian History
• Indian Culture
• Indian Geography

Reasoning Aptitude

• Verbal and Non- Verbal Reasoning
• Syllogism
• Seating Arrangement
• Directions
• Ordering and Ranking
• Data Sufficiency
• Blood Relations

Computer Aptitude

• Internet
• Memory
• Keyboard Shortcuts
• Computer Abbreviation
• Microsoft Office
• Computer Hardware
• Operating System
• Computer Terminologies

English Language

• Reading Comprehension
• Vocabulary
• Verbal Awareness
• Cloze test
• Error Correction

Important things to remember

Negative marking: There is penalty of one fourth or 0.25 of the marks assigned to that question.

The corrected scores obtained by candidates are normalized using equi-percentile method.

Each candidate will be required to obtain a minimum score in each test of Online Main examination and also a minimum total score to be considered to be shortlisted for interview.

Marks obtained in the Online Main examinationonly is considered for shortlisting for interview and also for final Merit List.

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Isn’t it the easiest thing? You read a topic and write down the main points. And like that your notes are ready.

But first of all, what do you mean by note-making and why do we need to learn about it? Let us find out the answers.

Note making is not about writing down everything you hear or read but is a very technical concept. It is a crucial process of reviewing, connecting, synthesizing and summarizing ideas from the lecture you attended or the study material you read.

Our mind works in wonderful ways; it does not remember everything especially when something is boring. That is why chances of remembering the dialogues of favourite movie are very high as compared to the history classes that we attended back in school or college.

In today’s cut throat competition and especially after inclusion of current affairs one need to remember study content way too much than is asked in exam. One needs to rely on smart work than hard work to excel in competitive exams.

You cannot jot down every piece of information that seems important. You need to filter and make smart notes to not just revise easily before exams but to also give you a quick glimpse of entire concept.

How notes help you?

• You stay active and engaged during your lecture. Focus on some words that are necessary.
• Sometimes the study material is very large and it gets difficult to remember large information hence, writing down the important points helps you remember in better way.
• Reading and revision in the last days before examination date.
• Helps in active learning.
• Keeping information handy.

Different methods of note-making

• Cornell method – mostly used for short information
• Mind maps – used for storing longer explanation with reference to graphic information by using lines, symbols, colour. It is a brain friendly concept.
• Table format – it is widely used when there is a lot of information and multiple things are to be covered for instance, names of national parks, amendments, legislation, acts etc.
• Flow chart – it is used for sequencing the data in an order. It helps to remember the flow of information.

Importance of note-making

• Note making is a very important as it involves us in the learning process. Let us look into other important reasons to start making notes immediately.
• Notes help you to understand and grasp the topic quickly.
• Whenever you read something, you have to write down important points as you cannot hold the entire information in your mind.
• Making notes allow us to reduce the information in manageable size it also helps during exam when we are studying a lot of material has to be covered.
• Those who write their notes seem to think more intensely about the topic as they write and it increases the concentration level.
• Handwritten notes in the form of snippets works wonders while revising and helps you during the last minutes of exam.
• It improves your memory and you can recall it faster when it is written by you in your own handwriting.
• Before start writing the notes, you should first listen or read that topic 2-3 times thoroughly and then write in your words. This will make sure that only important points are noted down. So, it has double benefit as not only you will remember it but it will also help you to be inspired by your focus.
• It will develop your writing and reading skills, as you read the content 2 to 3 times and then jump on writing it in your own words.

Steps to make SMART NOTES

• Gather all the material at one place. Never go writing on haywire when you see the information, take some time and read the concept thoroughly.
• Mark the most important information, now just understand the whole basic thing and divide the matter into parts and then start writing.
• Make notes of the main points and ideas affiliated to it under proper / suitable headings and add sub-points under sub-heading depending upon the concept of the paragraph.
• You may also use flow charts / diagrams.
• Make easy-to-go notes, with snippets covering all the major terms in the chapter. By this way, you will not miss out on important stuffs.
• Try to prepare notes by using phrases only, never write whole sentences.
• It should be concise and to the point, as shorter the sentence the easier to remember it.
• Highlight / underline only the key points.
• Use proper layouts/formats.
• Leave some space behind the paper so that you can add small details later if required.
• Use recognized abbreviations into the points to make it shorter wherever possible.
• Using different colors will not vex your brain but excess usage will do, remember TOO MUCH OF ANYTHING IS DANGEROUS.
• Certain colors have been linked to certain functions in the brain for example, Green color might allow for long-term concentration and clarity of concept, Blue color is linked to increase productivity.
• These colors may help in retention of information. Hence, keep the color scheme simple and try not to use more than 3 colors.

Now that we have read so much about making notes, it’s time to start using these techniques for best results. Remember that you cannot master note-making skills in a day. But sooner you include this habit in your studies better it would be for you.

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One thing that has taken the world by storm during the coronavirus induced pandemic is the emergence of large number of online learning websites. Be it for the schools, colleges or the professional studies, the educational platforms are trying hard to provide knowledge to the next generation.

Digital world has made the learning process simple and inexpensive; as a result, the number of learners in this decade is far more than the earlier decades taken together.

But does this learning help with the overall development of the students?

Would it be right to replace the schools and colleges with the courses available on internet?

Let us discuss both the questions further in the article.

The Process of Learning

Anything that is new to us and we adapt it to make our lives better is called learning. New information or knowledge that we gather throughout our lives is nothing but learning in progress.

Learning is a lifelong process which begins from the movement we enter into the four walls of the school. Right from learning alphabets to writing codes for the next programming project or making art for exhibition, everything is included in the learning process.

To learn is to evolve. Throughout the history of mankind, humans have learned so much, is it making fire from stones or sending a spacecraft to Mars. Initially, humans learned how to survive but now the level of learning has increased manifold times.

What is Development?

Learning and development are two sides of a coin. Where leaning is gathering of knowledge, development corresponds to using the knowledge to improve one’s skills and experience.

In today’s world mere learning of textbooks would not get you anywhere in the life. With that you also need large number of skills like communication, awareness, technical skills and other factors to excel in your field.

E-learning websites provide students with an opportunity to both learn and develop their skills. But it does not mean that schools and colleges have lost their utility in the digital world.

Schools help children to lay down their foundation of learning. It teaches children to grasp information and also makes them socially active. Apart from that, there are sports and co-curricular activities that help in overall development of the children. All this is not possible through the online learning.

Role of E-learning websites

The online learning websites can help students to learn extra skills and courses that can help them in finding jobs or cracking exams.

For instance, colleges do not include courses on quantitative aptitude or English language as per the syllabus of various entrance exams. In such casese-learning websites come very handy.

Thus, online learning platforms complement what we learn during schools and colleges. It enhances our development process.

Some of the best e learning websites in India are:

Khan Academy

It is a free educational website that focuses on subjects from schools and many more courses are available. You can learn about Math, Art, Computer Programming, Physics and more. It was launched in 2008.

Unacademy

Students can prepare for various government exams on this website. There are good number of tutors that help you to clear your concepts and doubts related to any exam or subject.

Byjus

This e-learning platform also provides study material for school kids and also for various examination preparations. Video tutorials are also provided by this platform. It was founded in 2011 and is among the country’s most valuable private internet companies.

Coursera

It provides free courses for various fields like computer programming, art, photography, psychology, decision-making and more. The courses from top universities like Yale, Stanford and also from leading companies. It is one of the most sought-after platforms for professional development of a person. These courses help in the career of the people who can take their skills to next level.

Edx

This platform is one of the best e learning platformswhich were founded in 2012 by Harvard and MIT University. Various classroom programmes and courses are available on this platform. It is one of the best platforms to improve skills related to technical field like engineering, computer science, data science and other areas.

Conclusion

As we have seen that all the learning material is available on the internet and most of it could be accessed freely. But this does not negate the need of the schools and colleges as they have their own role in the lifespan of an educated human. However, one thing is for sure that now a person does not need to depend on others to learn and develop his skills.

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Descriptive paper has become a significant factor in the rank of a student in government job examination these days. Be it SSC or Banking exam, descriptive paper is the last stage that student’s need to cross before their final selection.

In this article we have covered preparation tips and also the list of topics for upcoming descriptive examinations in 2021.

Here is the list of most important Descriptive Examination topics to help the students:

On Covid -19

·What is Corona Virus?

·How Social Distancing is an indispensable tool when it comes to breaking the chain of covid spread?

·What do we need to stop pandemics?

·Are we ready to face the next virus attack?

·Why viruses are so deadly to humans?

·Was the recent Covid -19 pandemic man made?

·Importance of robust healthcare system.

On Lockdown

·Lockdown – solution or problem?

·Lockdown experience – For students.

Online Education

·Is India ready to go online to solve the problem of remote education?

·How can e-learning be a boon for India?

·What are the limitations of e-learning in India?

On Technology

·What do you think about the new Privacy threat social medias are posing?

·Free Internet or Safe internet – is the choice justified?

·What are the benefits of 5G speed?

On Society

·Comment on the debate of growing intolerance in India.

·Farmer’s protest – are we leaving the masses behind?

·Mobile addiction is growing in kids – what can be done?

·Obesity is an upcoming threat – need of the hour.

·Importance of healthy lifestyle.

·Freedom of Speech

·Role of Gandhi ji in our country.

Evergreens

·Environmental Pollution

·Water Pollution

·Single Use Plastic

·Euthanasia – Legal or Illegal

·Uniform Civil Code

·Afforestation

·Disaster Management

·Women Empowerment

·Women Safety – are doing enough for them?

·Latest Government schemes.

The above is our list for some of the topics that you may see in your future descriptive examinations 2021.

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Descriptive paper has become a deciding factor in the rank of a student in government job examination these days. Be it SSC or Banking exam, descriptive paper is the last stage that student’s need to cross before their final selection. One may be surprised to know that each year few students fail to make to the merit list because of the descriptive paper. Some students do not get good content to write or some students fail to articulate their thoughts. As a result, they fail badly and end up giving one more year for their dream job.

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Everyone who writes descriptive paper for exams thinks that he has written the best paper. But only few aspirants get good marks. Only those candidates who stick to the format and other guidelines get exemplary marks. Few tips to get the best score in descriptive paper are:

·Stick to the format and the word limit.

·Choose the languagefor exam wisely. If you think that your grammar is not good enough then don’t hesitate to take Hindi or other language for exam. Remember that marks do not depend on the language but on the content and format that you choose to write in the exam.

·Before start writing actual essay make the list of important points that you need to write. It ensures that no point is missed and also prevents your mind from wandering here and there.

·The introductory part should not be lengthy. Make sure you start with the accurate facts only.

·Do not write dates if there is any confusion regarding it.

·The Body should focus on only those facts and information that is asked in the given topic.

·The conclusion should summarize your essay and give suggestions. It should not contain any facts or random information.

·Do not try to add every bit of information that you have crammed for the exam.

·The most important thing is coherence in the essay paper. Your one line should link to the other line. Your one paragraph should lead to another paragraph. Nothing should be added randomly in the paper.

·Always read the newspaper so that you have some points to write even when topic comes out of blue.

How to Prepare for Descriptive paper?

First of all, you need to take away the fear of descriptive paper. You should treat the descriptive paper as a simple question and answer thing like that in your college days.

The examiner has asked you a question and you have to answer only that question. Nothing extra is needed. The golden rule of descriptive paper is that answer what is asked and not what you know. This way you can complete the given descriptive paper within word limit and also within the time limit.

Other than that, each paper has its own format and way to approach the paper. Similarly, descriptive paper also has a format and approach that you need to adhere to so that you get good marks.

The format of descriptive paper includes:

·Introduction - Here historical, philosophical or holistic view is included.

·Body – Here all the important facts, information and aspects of the topic are included.

·Conclusion – Here future way or suggestions are included.

Introduction and Conclusion should always be within 50 words and in single paragraph. Depending upon the word limit the body may include 2-3 paragraphs.

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A career in Defence Services is the much sought after occupation today for those young and courageous youths of the country who are willing to dedicate their lives to defend the country and its people. The Combined Defence Services Examinationis the first test before they can join one of the best Defence forces in the world i.e. the Indian Armed Forces.

UPSC conducts the Combined Defence Services Examtwice every year generally in February and August for Recruiting officer’s for the Indian Military Academy, Naval Academy, Air Force Academy and Officers Training Academy.

Male candidates can join IMA, Naval and Air Force but for female candidates OTA in army is available.

The examination comprises of two stages:

First stage consists of written test and those who qualify the written test are called for interview by Service Selection Board (SSB) for Intelligence and Personality Test.

Age Limit, Sex and Marital Status

1. For IMA and Indian Naval Academy: Unmarried Male candidates having age not less than 18 years on 1st July and not more than 23 years on 2nd July in accordance with the year of examination are eligible.
2. For Air Force Academy: Male candidates having age not less than 19 years as on 1st July and not more than 23 years as on 2nd July in accordance with the year of examination (upper age relation of upto 26 years for candidates holding Commercial Pilot License issued by DGCA).
3. For Officer’s Training Academy: Male candidates (married or unmarried) and female candidates (unmarried and issueless widows or divorces who have not remarried) having age not less than 18 years as on 1st July and not more than 24 years as on 2nd July in accordance with the year of examination are eligible.

Education Qualification

1. For IMA/OTA a degree from a recognized university or equivalent.
2. For Naval Academy degree in engineering from a recognized university.
3. For Air Force Academy degree from a recognized university (with Physics and Mathematics at 10+2 level) or Bachelor of Engineering.

Syllabus

The written examination will be as follows:

The syllabus is broadly classified into three subjects namely – English, General Knowledge and Elementary Mathematics.

The level of questions in Mathematics is set according to the standard of matriculation i.e. 10th Standard. However, for other subjects, the level of questions will be of graduation level.

The syllabus for English Language is designed to test the basic understanding or English Language. Some of the topics are:

• Antonyms
• Synonyms
• Spotting Errors
• Sentence Improvement
• Word Substitution
• Selecting Words
• Comprehension
• Ordering of Sentences
• Ordering of words in a Sentence

The syllabus for General Knowledge is designed to test the candidate’s knowledge of current events happening in India and around the World. Some of the topics are:

• Current Awareness
• History
• Politics
• Economics
• Geography
• Environment
• Culture
• Biology
• Physics
• Chemistry
• Sports
• Books
• Defence
• Awards
• Personalities

The syllabus for Elementary Mathematics includes questions from Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Mensuration, Trigonometry and Statistics. Some of the topics included are:

1. Algebra
• Polynomials
• Factorisation
• HCF & LCM
• Quadratic Equations
• Identities based Questions
• Set Language and Set Notation
• Law of Indices
2. Number System
• Natural numbers
• Integers
• Rational and Real Numbers
• Fundamental operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division
• Fractions
• Time and Work
• Percentage
• Simple interest and Compound Interest
• Profit and Loss
• Ratio and Proportion
3. Trigonometry
• Trigonometric Identities
• Heights and Distance
4. Geometry
• Lines and angles
• 2D figures
• Triangle and its properties
• Circle and its properties
• Quadrilaterals like parallelogram, rectangle, square or trapezium
5. Mensuration
• Areas of squares, rectangles, parallelograms, triangles or circles
• 3D figures like cubes and cuboids, Cones, cylinders or spheres.
6. Statistics
• Collection and Tabulation of Statistical Data
• Graphical Representation Frequency Polygons
• Histograms
• Bar Charts
  
  

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What is UPSC Exam?

The Civil Services Examination comprises of two successive stages:

Preliminary Examination: It consists of objective type questions for the selection of candidates for Mains Examination.

Main Examination: It consists of written examination and Interview for the selection of the candidates for the various services and posts.

Preliminary Examination

The examination shall comprise two compulsory papers of 200 marks each.

Both the question papers will be objective type i.e. multiple-choice questions.

The preliminary papers are set in both Hindi and English language.

This examination is meant to serve as a screening test only. The marks obtained in the Preliminary Examination by the candidates who are declared qualified for the Main Examination will not be counted for determining their final order of merit.

There is also negative marking for every wrong answer.

The number of candidates to be admitted to the Main Examination will be about twelve to thirteen times the total approximate number of vacancies to be filled in the year in the various services and posts. Only those candidates who are declared by the Commission to have qualified in the Preliminary Examination in the year are eligible for writing the Main Examination of that year.

A candidate is required to appear for both Paper 1 and Paper 2 to get his papers evaluated. Therefore, a candidate will be disqualified in case he/she does not appear in either of them.

Main Examination

The candidates who have cleared the Preliminary Examination can appear for the main examination. This exam consists of total nine papers.

This examination tests the thorough knowledge of a candidate about its surroundings. Nowadays, the questions are generally based on the current events. However, the questions are not straightforward and require comprehensive and coherent approach while answering the questions.

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Let’s know the details about the syllabus below:

Preliminary Examination Syllabus

Syllabus of Paper I (200 marks)

Duration: Two Hours

·General knowledge and Current Events

·History of India and Indian National Movement

·Indian and World Geography - Physical, Social, Economic Geography of the India and the World

·Indian Polity and Governance - Constitution, Political System Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues etc

·Economic and Social Development - Sustainable Development, Poverty - inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives etc

·General Issues on Environmental Ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change - that do not require subject specialisation.

·General Science.

Syllabus for Paper II (200 marks)

Duration - Two Hours

·Interpersonal Skills including Communication Skills

·Logical Reasoning and Analytical Ability

·Decision Making and Problem Solving

·General Mental Ability

·Basic Numeracy

·Numbers and their Relations, Order of Magnitude, etc

·Data Interpretation

·Charts, Graphs, Tables, Data Sufficiency etc

Mains Examination Syllabus

Qualifying Papers

Paper A: (Marks - 300) One of the Indian languages to be selected by the candidate from the languages included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution

Paper B: (Marks-300): The paper will be based on the English language of Matriculation or equivalent standard.

Both these papers are of the qualifying nature and marks obtained will not be counted for the ranking.

Merit Papers

Paper I: (Marks-250): Essay

Paper II: (Marks-250 : General Studies-I

Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society

Paper III: (Marks-250): General Studies-II

Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations

Paper IV: (Marks-250): General Studies-III

Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management

Paper V: (Marks-250): General Studies-IV

Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

Paper VI: (Marks-250): Optional Paper-1

Paper VII: (Marks-250): Optional Paper-2

Sub Total -- Written Test --1750 Marks

Personality Test -- 275 Marks

Grand Total -- 2025 Marks

List of Optional Subjects for Main Examination

1. Agriculture

2. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science

3. Anthropology

4. Botany

5. Civil Engineering

6. Commerce and Accountancy

7. Economics

8. Electrical Engineering

9. Geography

10. Geology

11. History

12. Law

13. Management

14. Mathematics

15. Mechanical Engineering

16. Medical Science

17. Philosophy

18. Physics

19. Political Science and International Relations

20. Psychology

21. Public Administration

22. Sociology

23. Statistics

24. Zoology

25. Literature of any one of the following

Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telegu, Urdu and English.

Get in touch with Best Educational Websites in India to get detailed information about all the all the leading Government Examinations like – UPSC (Civil Services, CAPF, etc.), SSC (CGL, CHSL, CPO, MTS, etc.), Banking (IBPS, SBI RBI, PO and SO and Clerk), Railways and many more exams.

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Pros and Cons of the Online Education

Due to the inevitable hindrance, there has been a growing need of introducing online educational platform. Though traditional education system of brick and mortar still has its own significance, but, E-learning or an online course provides more convenience then the former. Where you only need availability of smart phone and a good speedy internet connection facility.

Pros of the Online Education

1. Online education or online courses are way much cheaper than offline mode of education.

2. It saves time of commuting, money we pay as fare and most importantly energy of students we invest to attend offline classes. By this we can effectively work more and allocate much time to pursue other activities. Thus, it is time and cost effective.

3. Learning has no age with the introduction of this platform where from a school student to adult person can study any suitable course. Even a far living person who does not have facilities like school/college/institutes and cannot come to cities can pursue education in order to achieve their goals. Thus, it proves to be efficient accessibility.

4. It allows women, downtrodden classes, and deprived people to achieve education and challenge the traditional ideologies and norms by breaking the barriers both geographically and socially.

5. It helps in imparting knowledge to physically disabled people. Those who cannot step outside due to any form of disability can open the doors of learning at home and can procure degrees, diplomas and build their career online courses effectively.

6. Online educational platforms offer more individual attention and you meet people from diverse culture.

7. Online courses impart you real world skills with top class educator.

8. Online courses have so many features to help each and every student whether it is queries or doubt. There is a feature of chat room, comment facility, e-mail etc to facilitate effortless learning.

Cons of the Online Education

1. Lack of social interaction - social interaction is necessary to build a healthy social life and with online learning we have to forgo the opportunity to socialize.

2. The digital divide – the major challenge in virtual learning is disparity in access to electricity, internet connection and lack of Smartphone’s and computers is very vast. Many people do not have access to required device and internet connection especially in rural India.

3. Smartphone & other devices – both mobile and computer are preferable for attending lectures. But only 25-30% Indian owns a Smartphone which supports the application of virtual learning. Only 11-15% of household possess any type of computer, tablets, palmtop etc.

4. Access to internet –India where access to the internet is pitifully low, the access to internet facility is only confined to 27% of Indian household. While 66% of India’s population lives in villages, only a little over 23% of rural households have access to internet connection. For urban household the proportion is 42%.

5. Among the poorest 20% households, only 2.7% have access to a computer and 8.9% to internet connection. In case of the top 20% households, the proportions to have access to a computer 27.6% and 50.5% to access internet connection.

6. Online courses are easier to procrastinate and it becomes burden if you do not learn simultaneously. These courses give you more freedom, perhaps more than you can handle.

7. Online courses require good time management skills.

8. A conductive environment for study is necessary. While 37% of households in India have one dwelling room.

9. Online courses do not have an instructor hounding, to keep you motivated and focused towards your study.

10.It can make children addict of technology and excess use of technology can impact the mind & health of young adults.

Technology is the way ahead

There has been a significant shift from thinking digital to being digitaland it has probably blessed us with many advantages to internet-based courses, but we need to be more developed to accelerate the pace of online learning. There are several steps required to revamp the existing structure of online learning.

Also, what is need is to devise a quality benchmark for education. Urban, rural and underserved hinterlands should be provided equal platform to serve growth in overall development of educational structure. This sector will surely grow in near future due to many factors associated with it. Government should also encourage startups to come up with new ideas and start their business in this growing sector.

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The Civil Services Examination is a coveted exam for which many students appear every year. Before starting the preparation, it is necessary to go through the books and materials present for the UPSC exam preparationso that a student can decide how to start his preparation.

These days most students prefer online preparation for examination. You can join UPSC online classes to start your preparation. However, one cannot ignore the importance of the books and study material for the examination.

There are a plenty of books and study material available in the market, but opting for the best is very necessary to get an edge ahead of others. In this blog, we will discuss about books and study material that are the best complement your online preparation for examination.

Subjects and Their Study Materials

Books for CSE prelims examination-

1.Indian Polity- Start with the books of Political Science of NCERT.

a.Indian Polity (M. Lakshmikanth).

b.Introduction to Indian Constitution (D.D Basu).

2.History-NCERT books of History

a.India’s Struggle for independence (Bipan Chandra) and

b.Facets of Indian Culture (Spectrum).,

c.Modern history (Norman Lowe)

d.CCRT website.

3.Geography-NCERT books

a.World atlas

b.Certificate Physical geography (G.C. Leong),

c.Shakar IAS notes for Environment and Ecology.

4.Economics-The basic economy of Class IX and XII.

a. Indian Economics by Ramesh Singh,

b. Sriram IAS notes.

c. Recent Economic Survey.

5.International Relations- Keep reading Current affairs and world Affairs.

6.Civil Services Aptitude Test-

a. Tata McGraw Hill CSAT manual,

b. CSAT II- Arihant,

c. Verbal and Non- Verbal Reasoning R.S. Aggrawal.

Books for mains-

1.History, Indian Heritage & Culture (GS paper 1)-

a. An Introduction to Indian Art Part 1: Textbook in Fine Arts for Class XI,

b. India’s Struggle for Independence by Bipan Chandra,

c. India after Independence by Bipan Chandra,

d. History of Medieval India by Satish Chandra,

e. Ancient India by R.S Sharma

2.Geography (GS paper 1)-

a. Geography of India by Majid Husain,

b. World Geography by Majid Husain,

c. World Atlas,

d. Certificate Physical and Human Geography – G C Leong,

e. Fundamentals of Physical Geography NCERT Class 11.

3.Polity and International Relation (GS paper 2)-

a. Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth,

b. Introduction to the Constitution of India by DD Basu,

c. India’s Foreign Policy by Rajiv Sikri

4.Indian Economy-

a. Indian Economy – Ramesh Singh

b. Current affairs related to RBI

c. Sriram IAS notes for economy.

5.Ethics (GS Paper 4)-

a. Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude for Civil Services Main Examination by Subba Rao and P.N. Roy Chaudary.

Apart from these books, you are required to keep a very keen eye on Current affairs for online exam preparation,for that you can try-

-Read a Newspaper daily to stay updated. You may start with The Hindu. Indian Express and Economic Times.

-Try using some websites such as- GK today, Cloud Affairs, ADDA 247 etc. these sites are very helpful.

-You can also read the Vision IAS or Insight IAS monthly magazine to add more points to your mains answer.

-You may go for some YouTube channel, which provide updated news and updates about various national and international events.

-Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha Debates. These debates would clarify various pro and con points related to any topic.

-Any magazine such as Yojana or Kurukshetra. What steps the government is taking and any new scheme that is launched by the government are thoroughly covered in these magazines.

After covering all these things, do not forget to focus on the following mentioned things too-

-Latest economic survey

-Budget

-Finance commission report

-Census

-Annual reports by central ministries

-Niti ayog major policies

-Law commission’s report etc.

Conclusion

There is abundant material to prepare from. What you really need to clear the most difficult examination of the country is dedication, persistency and perseverance. This examination is simply not just about how much you know, but also about how much effort you can put in and how much you understand the events happening around you.

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In today’s world every young aspirant desires to have a safe and secure future in the government sector. The government jobsseem to attract young generation because they can have got a coveted post and have a bright future for them. That’s why most of them prefer government jobs over any private job.

Many government sectors like Staff selection commission exam, UPSC Civil service exam, banking exam and Railway exam are the best option for the aspirants. However, it is easier to set a goal then to secure the name in the merit list.

It requires arduous practice and determination to convert your goals into reality. Right from the beginning of the preparation phrase, one must decide which position they want in public sector because it’ll help candidates to identify exact selection procedure and know steps involved.

Getting a government job is a dream of majority of Indians. The given points will help you in your ways to get closer to make your dream a reality. Keep these top-notch tips in mind to crack government exam:

1. Get detailed syllabus -It is the most crucial part of any preparation you must have proper knowledge of syllabus prior you prepare any strategy as it can changes any year. It also helps you to evaluate the kind and type questions that can be asked in the exam and be prepared for that. It is necessary to understand the pattern of the exam before starting the preparation. Subjects like Math, English; general awareness must be covered elaborately as per syllabus and need consistent practice.

2. Previous year paper – Previous year papers of a particular exam plays a vital role in any preparation as it gives you clearer vision of what type of questions are being asked in examination. By doing so you can evaluate yourself as per the level of exam. Try to solve previous year question papers in stipulated time and have an idea to analyze the exam you are preparing for. After going through the paper refer some good books that are summarize the topics.

3. Focus on Concepts – Conceptual clearance is the key when you understand the pattern and syllabus asked in examination it becomes easy to prepare yourself. You have to decide your strong and weak zones so that you can give required time to learn the basic concepts and formulas. Thus, every concept must be thoroughly understood so that you are able to solve the problems in mock tests. Remember that the cramming of the questions will not lead you anywhere.

4. Guidance before preparation –Before starting anything makes sure your vision is clear. There is a plethora of material to dig into and get prepared for the exam. Don’t rely on the single source and always gain knowledge from multiple sources, ask your seniors, other government job candidates, coaching friends etc. In addition to that, there are several online learning websites, forum, mobile application that helps in your study and achieve your dream.

5. Test series & question banks – One thing that would definitely help you in the exam is the mock test /test series with good amount of genuine questions. You should make it a habit to solve at least one test series daily to keep yourself updated and check on your performance. Mock tests are integral part of any preparation through which helps to caliber the weak and strong areas and enhance your accuracy ultimately, make improvement accordingly.

6. Online or offline mode – Before starting the preparation there is dilemma amongst students whether to choose coaching or not? Both classroom and online study has their own merits. You may take coaching if you think you are facing problems during preparation or may take help from YouTube and online courses. Well, in coaching classes there is fixed time table and they also provide us some extra knowledge regarding the subjects, exam etc., but at the same time one has to focus on study on their own. If one attends coaching classes then also one would have to spend more time on self-study.

7. Time management – Time plays a crucial role in your selection. You must use it wisely. The Management of the available time before exam is of utmost importance. Have well defined routine to follow and put it somewhere you can see it easily & strictly follow. Provide each subject a strategically managed time also revision must be managed. During exam you must solve questions within time frame hence; you must practice with timer so that you’ll know how to work under pressure. Candidate must figure out which section is important and scoring and how much time slot you must devote during exam.

·Total 7-8 hours daily study is sufficient for good preparation

·Set the target time to complete the topic

·Make notes during study, which helps in the last time of exam

·Make a study plan and try to finish your syllabus 1 month before exam

·Find out weak and strong section or topic and work on it will initially improve your score and boost your confidence

Always remember, all questions in exam are not possible to attempt hence, allot your time to the questions that you are 100% sure as there is a negative marking as well.

8. General knowledge– It is the section which is comes in every competitive examand have limitless syllabus. For enhancing general knowledge keep track of happenings in the world. Candidates can refer NCERT books 6-10 class History, Geography, Science and Social Science etc. Also, go through the daily newspapers like The Hindu, Hindustan times, Economics Times.

9. Revision–Revision goes hand in hand with studying new topics so that you don’t forget what you had studied earlier. After completing topics you must spare some time to revise the attempted questions and left out if any. Making small notes would help you in memorizing everything but also helps in revision.

10.Stay motivated and focused– Last but not least, stay positive, confident and focused towards your goals and have patience it is the only key to crack any government exam. Always wake up with the goal in your mind and motivate yourself to cover the topics as planned. Remember stressing out would not help you in any way. Stay determined, work smart and achieve. Your dedication and the intensity you put in will decide your success.

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English language plays a very determining part in any government exam. If you’re aspiring for any such examination, you need to have a good command over English language.

There are some examinations, where questions are provided in Hindi or Regional languages also, but the fact remains, that there is a separate section in every exam where your knowledge of English is tested. This section carries no option for any other language, so you are kind of stuck in it.

To ease this difficulty, you need to lay down special emphasis over your language preparation so that you don’t lose marks due to lack of knowledge of English. Now, if you’re someone who is not too good at English or is average in studies, you need not to worry. Just follow some tips and keep up the hard work, soon you’ll have the knowledge that you seek. So, let’s get started!

1. Grammar- Grammar is the main essence of any language and to know a language you must have command over grammar part. The day you realize that you need to prepare for English, the first step you should be doing is, to ace its grammar. To understand the question or to answer the question, you need to know about how sentences are formed and what they mean. Do not directly go for heavy-heavy books of grammar, start with basic school books. Start with learning Part of Speech, Tenses, Narration and Voice. At first learn the rules then try to apply them in practical life. Once you start getting familiar with the rules, focus on things like Modals, Prepositions, Adjectives, Gerund, and Infinitive etc. In a few months, you’ll notice a change in your orientation. You will have knowledge of rules and their application. Then you can try some standard books of grammar such as Wren & Martin orS.P.Bakshi.

Click here to learn Basics of English.

2. Vocabulary- Once you get an idea about the grammar, you must go for Vocabulary. Start with learning the words which you use daily, try to know the name of things that you use daily. Grab any dictionary and try to learn as many new words as you can. But remember to revise and use those words, otherwise you’ll forget them soon. A very good source of learning new words can be newspapers. I would also suggest you to listen to English Songs, Podcasts and videos; they introduce you with new meanings every day. Apart from this, you can search for specific pdfs of Vocabulary for your exam; there are plenty of those available on the internet. A very standard book for Vocabulary is "Word Power Made Easy "by Norman Lewis. This book covers 85% of your vocabulary if you grasp a hold on it. Always prepare Synonyms and Antonyms for every word, some questions are asked on this part also.

Bonus Tips- Every person has capacity of learning new words. Some find it difficult to retain a lot of words. Here are two things that you can do-

(1) Divide the words in negative or positive tone. For example- Optimistic, Sanguine, Buoyant etc. are words which denote something positive, whereas Acerbic, Scanting, Vicious, Caustic etc. are the words which give negative tone. You can just remember the tone of the word. When such word comes in a passage, you can easily determine whether it is saying something positive or negative.

(2) Try to learn root words, for example- such as ‘Bene’means good, ‘Bio” means life, ‘Aqua” means water and ‘Mal’ means bad. Whenever any word starts with these root words, you will automatically get the meaning.

3.Comprehension- In many exams, we see unseen passages and paragraphs for comprehension. You have to read the passage thoroughly and understand what it says. Then the passage is followed by some questions, which you have to answer. In these questions, they can ask you to give general answers or to give the title of the passage or they can ask meaning of some words. To attempt these questions perfectly, you need to practice comprehension daily. Buy any book for practice or check on internet for daily passages. Try to attempt them in as less time as possible. Read the passage thoroughly and then move to the questions. Do not miss the central idea as it helps you to decide the title. Watch English Movies for better understanding of context, it also helps.

4.Spellings- Do not underestimate spellings in any examination. Sometimes questions are asked to correct the spelling, and the options are very confusing. To attempt such questions, you must memorize the spellings very well. Also, when you write subjective answers, you are judged by your spelling too. Bad spelling makes a bad impression upon the examiner.

5.Newspapers- A lot of people would have suggested you to start your preparation of English language by reading newspapers. However, I would suggest that one must know the grammar and the vocabulary first, so that when you start a newspaper, you understand it better. As a beginner, start by some light newspapers such as Economic Times and gradually move towards The Hindu or The Indian Express. Look very carefully at the new words that you find in the newspaper, and learn how to create better sentence structure. Do not read too much in a day, read only that much which you can memorize in a day. Continue this for about 6 months, and you’ll see a drastic change in your English.

6.Write what you learn- When you learn a new word, or you learn a new way of sentence formation, always make short notes of that thing. Because when we write something, we memorize that thing even better. You can make some flash cards or you can write those words in a notebook. Either way, doesn’t forget to write them.

7.Shape your knowledge- Once you learn plenty of words, grammar and rules of English language, it’s time to shape your knowledge. You might be thinking, that ‘How I’ll shape my knowledge”? Well! Recognize the area which requires work and revise the portion which you know the best. For example- if you have good command over grammar, but are weak in vocabulary, give less time to grammar and focus more on vocabulary. Make a routine and identify your strengths and weaknesses. Once you know that how much have you covered and how much is left, you’ll know how to cover those left things.

Hopefully this article guides you in some way!

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A career in Administrative Services tends to be the goal of thousands of people. When a person decides that he/she wants to get selected in Civil Services Examination, they barely have any idea about the environment of the completion. This examination is very prestigious in it and falls under the category of one of the toughest exams of the country.

If you truly want to clear the examination and face the competition, you are required to put your 100% efforts. Now, there are a lot of people, who put their effort but miss the mark, it happens because the efforts you put needs to be in the right direction with right management and right guidance. By the end of today’s blog, you’ll be learning how to place your efforts effectively, when to place them and where to emphasize the most.

1. Self-Study- When we think about preparing for an examination like UPSC, the very first thing you must do is to prepare yourself. Now, this is a very crucial step which most of the people are not aware of. What it is that you need to manage your studies on your own. Preparation of Civil Services Examination drains the aspirant completely, both physically and mentally. So if you want to stand out in the crowd of thousands of other aspirants, you need to work on yourself first. Eat healthy, drink plenty of liquids, get a sound sleep of around 6-7 hours, keep breathing in fresh air , try meditation and do some activities to keep your mind relax and body happy.

2. Know the syllabus- A lot of aspirants directly join coaching institutes or classes without having an idea about the basics of the examination. Instead of doing this, you should get the overview of the examination first. The Civil services Examination takes place in three steps-

·The Prelims- This is the first step; it comprises of two examinations in total. One isGeneral Studies exam and the other is Civil Service Aptitude Test. The general studies exam consists of total 100 questions for 200 marks. These questions are in MCQ pattern. The total time allotted is 2 hours. For every wrong answer ‘one-third’ of the total marks allotted to that question is deducted. This exam checks the retention ability and conceptual knowledge of the aspirant. The CSAT is an aptitude exam, which checks the logical reasoning, aptitude and problem-solving skills of the candidate. It has 80 questions for 200 marks to be solved in 2 hours. The negative marking scheme is same as the former. The objective of the Prelims exam is to check the understanding of the candidate regarding the History, Polity, and Geography, Science and Technology and the Current events taking place in the country.

·The Mains- When a candidate qualifies the prelims as per the cut off marks, he then appears for mains exam. This is a subjective exam that checks the writing skills of the candidates. Here, the in-depth knowledge of the candidates regarding various topics and events are tested. A candidate is required to have multi-dimensional knowledge of the historical, political and the current events happening in the country. It has a total of 9 papers covering almost all the general subjects under the sun.

·The Interview- This is the final stage of the examination, clearing which makes you a Civil Services officer. This test assesses the personality, psychology, mental caliber and decision-making skills of the candidate. Most of the times, students are so engrossed in preparing for the prelims and mains examinations that they do not give proper time for the preparation of this stage. Avoid this mistake to get your name in the merit list.

3. Focus on Concepts- Once you’re familiar with the exam pattern and syllabus, start preparing. Either you’re preparing for prelims or mains; you need to focus most on the concepts of the respective subject. Your syllabus and concepts are the most important part of your preparation. If you just mug up the syllabus, it will not help you. You need to have brilliant understanding of the subject so that you will be able to answer any question from that particular topic. There are some tricky questions sometimes, and conceptual knowledge is necessary to solve them.

4. Take Guidance- When you start your preparation, always take guidance from someone who has the relevant knowledge. It may be your teachers, your parents, you friends, relatives, mentors and past year achievers. This helps you in the term of motivation and knowledge. They’ll introduce you to the practical aspect of the examination, subject or your career.

5. Make a Routine- Now, comes the management of you time and resources. A very significant component of the preparation is how you manage your time. An ideal routine is , where you give all of your subjects equal time in the week or in the 10 days, where you take 6-7 hours of fine sleep, where you give some time to yourself and where you take some time to revise what you have learned. Make a nice time table and follow that, no matter what. Do not procrastinate your work, because it you break the rhythm once it’ll be hard for you to make that again. Keep a consistency in your time. If you study 6 hours a day only, continue those 6 hours on a daily basis.

6. Read Newspapers- Make a habit of reading any English newspaper everyday. It will not only increase your general knowledge but will also help you to speed up your reading game. You’ll be amazed by the results if you continue it for about 6 months only. The newspapers enhance your vocabulary and make you habitual of reading everyday. Lay down special emphasis upon the editorial column and look at the writing styles to make you answers more creative and presentable.

7. Use Every Source Possible- In today’s world you have no scarcity of sources. You have hundreds of books, magazines and websites providing all the things you need. Widen your scope, and try to get the best knowledge which you can.

8. Choose Your Optional Subject wisely-In the UPSC you have a choice of two optional subjects. You must choose those subjects which are of your interest and in which you have core knowledge. If done rightly, you can score so well in these optional subjects. You just need to recognize your strengths and weaknesses in respect of a subject and to choose ‘your best subject’.

9. Test Series and Question Banks- Once you memorize your subjects and move further in your preparation, use a test series to give daily mocks. These mocks improve you speed, increase you attempts and teach you time management. If you’re familiar with sitting for 2 hours for these mocks, you’ll feel familiar with the main exam. Apart from these mocks, solve past year question papers. There is a lot of repetition in questions every year, so do not miss a chance to score in these repeated questions.

10.Personality Development- This is the part that most of us skip. Apart from academics, the final stage of this examination is personality interview. You need to prepare for this as well. Groom yourself, work on your public speaking skills, work on your pronunciation and be confident. Some people clear the prelims and the mains easily but fail to clear the interview. From the very first day when you start your preparation, devote some time for your overall personality development weekly on daily.

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